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Superconducting Materials
- Superconductor Materials Synonyms:
Superconductor, superconductivity, dielectric, conductance, conduction, Conductivity, conductor, electric conduction, gas conduction, insulator, ionic conduction, liquid conduction, metallic conduction, mho, nonconducting, nonconductive, nonconductor, photoconduction
- Since the announcement of high temperature superconductors (those which can use liquid nitrogen (B.P.77K) rather than liquid helium (B.P.4K) as a coolant), much has been written about their potential use in areas previously closed to superconductors due to economic considerations.
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Superconductivity is a phenomenon occurring in certain materials at extremely low temperatures, characterized by exactly zero electrical resistance and the exclusion of the interior magnetic field (the Meissner effect).
The electrical resistivity of a metallic conductor decreases gradually as the temperature is lowered. However, in ordinary conductors such as copper and silver, impurities and other defects impose a lower limit. Even near absolute zero a real sample of copper shows a non-zero resistance. The resistance of a superconductor, on the other hand, drops abruptly to zero when the material is cooled below its "critical temperature". An electric currentferromagnetism and atomic spectral lines, superconductivity is a quantum mechanicalperfect conductivity" in classical physics. flowing in a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source. Like phenomenon. It cannot be understood simply as the idealization of "
Superconductivity occurs in a wide variety of materials, including simple elements like tinaluminium, various metallic alloys and some heavily-doped semiconductors. Superconductivity does not occur in noble metals like gold and silver, nor in most ferromagnetic metals.
Source: Wikipedia
Y-Ba-Cu oxide, Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu oxide, Ba-Ca-Cu oxide, Barium carbonate, barium oxide, barium metal, strontium carbonate, strontium oxide, strontium metal, lanthanum oxide, lanthanum metal, scandium oxide, scandium dendritic lump, scandium metal, yttrium oxide, yttrium dendritic lump, yttrium metal, copper oxide, and copper metal, all oxide powders, all metal powders, solid oxide fuel cell powders,
ACS grade, 99.9%, and up to in some cases 99.9999%
Ingot, targets, powder, wire, and rod
Superconducting magnets are some of the most powerful electromagnets known. They are used in maglev trains, MRI and NMR machines and the beam-steering magnets used in particle accelerators. They can also be used for magnetic separation, where weakly magnetic particles are extracted from a background of less or non-magnetic particles, as in the pigment industries.
Superconductors have also been used to make digital circuits (e.g. based on the Rapid Single Flux Quantum technology) and RF and microwave filters for mobile phone base stations.
Superconductors are used to build Josephson junctions which are the building blocks of SQUIDs (superconducting quantum interference devices), the most sensitive magnetometers known. Series of Josephson devices are used to define the SI volt. Depending on the particular mode of operation, a Josephson junction can be used as photon detector or as mixer. The large resistance change at the transition from the normal- to the superconducting state is used to build thermometers in cryogenic micro-calorimeter photon detectors.
Other early markets are arising where the relative efficiency, size and weight advantages of devices based on HTS outweigh the additional costs involved.
Promising future applications include high-performance transformers, power storage devices, electric power transmission, electric motors (e.g. for vehicle propulsion, as in vactrains or maglev trains), magnetic levitation devices, and Fault Current Limiters. However superconductivity is sensitive to moving magnetic fields so applications that use alternating current (e.g. transformers) will be more difficult to develop than those that rely upon direct current.
Source: Wikipedia
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